Rodgers' men led twice at a raucous Celtic Park, first through Kyogo Furuhashi's fourth-minute opener, then Luis Palma's angled strike, after Antonie Griezmann converted a penalty at the second attempt.
But Alvaro Morata's second-half header levelled the contest again to leave Celtic bottom of the group at the halfway stage and denied them a long-awaited home group stage win.
The draw means the Scottish champions retain a chance of claiming third place and a Europa League spot after Christmas, but progression in this competition is looking increasingly unlikely.
Absorbing Simeone at centre of Celtic Park anarchy
Podcast: 'Celtic can go to Madrid and get a result'
What did you make of Celtic's performance?
"That was a really good performance, but we just couldn't get the win," Rodgers said. "I don't think you can say they'll fly back to Spain not knowing they've had a tough game.
"They didn't create so much. Their equaliser was fantastic and shows the quality at this level.
"Our reaction in the game was superb, having the courage and the bravery to play. We showed we can compete with a top level team. We can create opportunities. We can play the game the way we want to play."
It had seemed that Celtic's hopes would be reignited after a terrific first-half display.
The noise before kick-off was off the charts, and it grew even louder when Matt O'Riley superbly combined with Kyogo, who showed great composure to send the home crowd into an early frenzy.
It was no false dawn. Celtic were more than matching their illustrious opponents.
But their good work was undone when Rodrigo De Paul released Nahuel Molina, who was caught by Greg Taylor. Griezmann took the resultant penalty, and although Joe Hart saved, the ball struck a post and fell for Griezmann to finish.
How would Celtic react? Superbly.
Taylor released Daizen Maeda, whose cross evaded everyone in the middle but fell for Luis Palma, who thundered a shot back across in off an upright via a slight deflection off Mario Hermoso. A dream result was very much on.
O'Riley then had a volley beaten away by Jan Oblak as Celtic sensed the possibility of a third in a thrilling opening period.
Atletico emerged a different side after the break, though, and were rewarded when substitute Marcos Llorente swung in a wonderful cross for the, until then, quiet Morata and he arrowed a header home.
Diego Simeone's side showed their quality from that moment, with a tiring Celtic less of a threat and having to defend with real concentration and discipline for long spells.
Substitute Angel Correa spun superbly in the box to create space and his shot was well saved by Hart.
De Paul offered Celtic hope when he caught O'Riley to earn a second yellow late on but the hosts couldn't capitalise on that advantage as they pushed forward and had to settle for a point.
Player of the match - Matt O'Riley (Celtic)
0 Comments